INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND CONCEPTS.
Atomic structure and periodicity. Lewis structure, VSEPR theory. Intra- and intermolecular bonds. Physical properties of molecules.
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
Orbital hybridization. Sigma- and pi- covalent bonds. Functional groups. Concept of resonance.
ACIDS AND BASES.
Arrhenius, Brønsted e Lowry e Lewis acids and bases. Acidity of an aqueous solution: pH and pKa. Factors influencing the acidity of organic compounds. Carbocations and carbanions.
ALKANES.
Introduction to hydrocarbons. Nomenclature. Structural, stereo- and conformational isomers. Physical properties. Reactivity: combustion.
ALKENES.
Nomenclature. Structural, stereo- and conformational isomers. Physical properties. Reactivity: electrophilic addition reactions and mechanism study. Oxydation reactions.
ALKYNES.
Nomenclature. Structural, stereo- and conformational isomers. Physical properties. Reactivity:
electrophilic addition reactions and acetylide formation and reactions.
CHIRALITY AND ASIMMETRIC MOLECULES.
Definition of chirality and stereogenic center. R/S configurations. Enantiomers, stereoisomers and diastereoisomers.
ALKYL HALIDES
Physical properties and nomenclature of alkyl halides. Nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions: study of their mechanisms and reaction conditions.
AROMATIC COMPOUNDS:
Introduction. Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. Hückel’s rules. Reactivity: electrofilic substitution reactions of benzene and study of their general mechanism; oxydation and catalytic reduction.
ALCOHOLS.
Main characteristics and physical properties. Nomenclature. Reactivity: Acidity, dehydration and oxydation.
PHENOLS.
Main characteristics and physical properties. Nomenclature. Acidity.
THIOLS.
Main characteristics and physical properties. Nomenclature. Acidity and oxydation.
ETHERS AND THIOEHERS
Main characteristics and physical properties. Nomenclature.
AMINES.
Main characteristics, classification and nomenclature. Aliphatic and aromatic amines: physical properties, basicity and nucleophilic properties.
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
Main characteristics and physical properties. Nomenclature. Reactivity: emiacetals and acetal formation; ketoenolic tautomerization; enolate ions formation; oxydation and reduction.
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Main characteristics and physical properties. Nomenclature. Reactivity: acidity; Fischer estherification; reduction and decarboxylation.
CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES.
Main characteristics and nomenclature. Reactivity: esther and amide hydrolysis.
LIPIDS: SATURATED AND INSATURATED FAT ACIDS.
Main characteristics and nomenclature. Structure and physical properties. Triglycerides.
AMINOACIDS AND PROTEINS
Fischer representations of alfa-aminoacids. Isoelectric point and electroforesis. Peptide bonds. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins.
CARBOHYDRATES.
Main characteristics and nomenclature. Fischer representations. Emiacetals and acetals: glycoside formation. Haworth and chair conformations. Stereoisomers, epimers and anomers. Di- and polysaccharides.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA and RNA structure. Nitrogen-based bases. Nucleosides and nucleotides: general structure and nomenclature. Primary and secondary structure of DNA: main features.
