The Latium before Rome; The origins of Rome and the Rome of the Kings; The transition between Monarchy and Republic; Internal conflicts; The conquest of Latium and Italy; The war with Carthage; The expansion in the Mediterranean; Economy and society in the age of imperialism; The Gracchi and the agrarian question; The age of revolution and the crisis of republican institutions; Augustus and the imperial solution; The Flavian age; The adoptive principate: economy, society and institutions; The Severi and the anarchy of the third century; The reformed Empire: Diocletian and Constantine; The division of the empire: from the Constantinidi to Theodosius; The Church in the society and culture during the low Empire; The Empire and the Roman-barbarian kingdoms.