Introduction to Marine biology and ecology (Humboldt, Darwin, Haeckel). The physical context of Marine Communities: physical factors (light, temperature, viscosity and density, water movements, pressure) and chemical facors (salinity, nutrients, and organic matter, water gases and pH) Macroalgae: adaptations, morphological groups, taxonomy and utility- Biotic factors. Competition, predation and mutualisms- Animal adaptations- Zonation-Foundation species in marine ecosystems marine dispersal the role of infectious diseases in marine communities biodiversity and ecosystem function the biogeography of marine communities marine historical ecology Intertidal rocky shores coastal dune communities - soft sediment communities salt marsh communities seagrasses Posidonia oceanica: threats and conservation - kelp forests and alternative stable states Sea urchin ecology and the barren Cystoseira habitat Introduced species - coral reef ecosystem mangroves pelagic communities phytoplankton communities deep sea hydrothermal vent communities sampling methods underwater caves.