PHYSIOLOGY OF NUTRITION. Solid food intake and liquid intake. Ingestion regulation. Chewing and rumination. Salivary secretion and saliva. Swallowing. Esophageal transit. Gastric digestion. He retched. Digestion in the small intestine. Pancreatic secretion. Bile. Absorption processes and motor activity. Digestion in the blind and colon: absorption processes and motor activity. Digestion in the large intestine in pigs and horses: absorption processes and motor activity. Defecation. Digestion in ruminants. Rumen digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Absorption processes in the rumen. Fate of volatile fatty acids, protein and non-protein nitrogen and lipids. Motor activity of pre-stomachs. Gastric digestion. Intestinal digestion. Digestion in the large intestine. Nutrient absorption processes. Digestion in the newborn. Liver function Plastic and energetic fate of lactating, dry and pregnant nutrients. Food behavior: factors that regulate food intake. Diets rich in concentrates: rumen acidosis. Ketosis. Ammonia, nitrate and oxalic acid toxicity. Flatulence. Physiology of nutrition under conditions of food stress from hyponutrition. Digestion in the newborn. Physiology of digestion in birds and fish. ENDOCRINOLOGY.Generality and mode of action of hormones. Regulation of hormonal secretion. Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, endocrine pancreas, gonads, epiphysis and thymus hormones. Prostaglandins. REPRODUCTION PHYSIOLOGY. Puberty. Male and female sexual behavior. Estrous cycle. Natural fertilization. Pregnancy. Parto. Parental behavior.
Factors that influence the reproductive cycles: nutrition, photoperiod, temperature, pheromones, sound and visual stimuli, physical contact and reproductive senescence. PHYSIOLOGY OF LACTATION. Breast augmentation. Synthesis and composition of colostrum and milk. Milk collection and ejection. The nipple. Breast and dry involution. Physiological, food and environmental factors that influence lactation.