1. The structure of genetic material: chemical composition of DNA and RNA
- The double helix (the Watson and Crick model, the Chargaff rules)

2 The organization of DNA in chromosomes: structural characteristics of eukaryotic chromosomes -
- Euchromatin and heterochromatin

3 DNA replication:Models of DNA replication

4 The flow of genetic information:The central dogma

4. Transcription:RNA synthesis,The different RNA classes,RNA polymerase: types and role in the synthesis of different RNAs
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- RNA maturation in eukaryotes (capping, addition of poly-A tail. Intron splicing)

5 Translation
- The nature of the genetic code
- Structure of tRNA
- Stages of translation
Gene expression in eukaryotes

6. Inheritance and transmissibility of genetic characters
- Mendelian genetics
- Genetic effects of meiosis
- Dominance and recessiveness
- The principle of segregation
- The principle of independent assortment
- Association of genes and chromosomal localization

6 Mutations
- Physical and chemical mutagen agents
- Gene mutations
- Chromosomal mutations
- Genomic mutations
- Mutations and evolution

7 Exploiting the somaclonal variability and the "clone concept"
8 Molecular markers in the ‘omic’ era
Genetic association studies
Molecular marker assisted selection
9 Transgenic plants
Genome editing
Tradition and innovation in the omic era