ANATOMY. Cytology. Cell membrane and its receptorial properties and permeability. Morphology and main functions of cytoplasmic organelles: mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, centriole, lysosomes. Nucleus: chromatin, chromosomes, nuclear envelope. Mitosis.Animal histology: definition, classification, description and function of coating and secreting epithelial tissues, exocrine and endocrine; definition, classification, description, and the most important functions of connective tissues; notes on the morphology and properties of the cartilage, bone and structural characteristics of its variety laminar, non-laminar, compact and cancellate bone; blood, blood elements, skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac and smooth muscles tissues and their main differences, muscle contraction, notes on nerve tissue and impulse transmission. Anatomical Terminology. Locomotor system: organization of the skeleton and main interspecific differences; general arthrology, general miology and muscles of limbs. Digestive system of herbivores monogastric animals, omnivores and ruminants. Endocrine system.Male and female reproductive system. Mammary gland. PHYSIOLOGY. Physiology of nutrition. General considerations. Prehension of solid feeds and intake of liquids. Chewing. Saliva. Deglutition. Transit in the esophagous. Gastric digestion. Vomit. Digestion in the small intestine. Pancreatic juice. Bile. Absorption processes and motor activity. Digestion in the cecum and colon: absorption processes and motor activity. Digestion in the large intestine of pigs and horses: absorption processes and motor activity. Digestive processes: comparisons among horses, pigs and ruminants. Function of the rectum. Defecation. Digestion in ruminants. Functions of the prestomach apparatus. Digestion of cellulose, proteins and lipids in the rumen. Processes of ruminal absorption and metabolism of volatile fatty acids, protein and non-protein nitrogen, and lipids. Belching. Rumination. Motor activity of the forestomach and abomasum. Digestion in newborns. Digestion of proteins and carbohydrates. Liver. Functions of the liver. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the liver.Detoxification function. Biligenetic function. Vitamins and bioelements in the liver. Digestination of nutrients. Plastic and energetic destination of nutrients during lactation, dry-off and pregnancy periods. Feeding behavior: Factors regulating feed ingestion. Changes in rumen physiology induced by nutritional technologies (protected nutrients and probiotics), Diets rich in concentrates: ruminal and lactic acidosis, ketosis.Ammonia toxicity, nitrate and oxalic acid toxicity. Meteorism. Physiology of nutrition under feeding stress. Digestion in poultry. Digestion in the oral cavity, throat, and esophagus. Gastric digestion in the glandular and muscled stomachs. Intestinal digestion. Functions of the liver and pancreas. Absorption processes. Digestion in fish species. Digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the oral cavity, stomach and intestine. Processes of absorption..Endocrinology. General characteristics and mode of action of hormones. Regulation and control of hormonal secretion. Hormones of hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland, endocrine pancreas, gonads, epiphysis and thymus. Prostaglandins. Physiology of reproduction. Puberty. Male and female sexual behavior. Estrous cycle. Natural mating. Pregnancy. Delivery and parenting behavior. Reproduction in birds. Factors affecting reproductive cycles: feeding, photoperiod, temperature, pheromones, sound and visual stimuli, physical contact and reproductive senescence. Physiology of lactation. Growth of the mammary gland. Synthesis and composition of milk and colost