Factors that influence the toxicity of the substances; exposure to toxic substances. Origin, presence, properties, uses, ADME and toxicity of the following substances: aluminum, chromium, cadmium, mercury, lead, arsenic. Cyanide, cyanogenic glycosides. Carbon monoxide. Alkanes and cycloalkanes. Ethylene, ethylene oxide, glyoxylic acid, benzene, toluene, xylenes, styrene, naphthalene, benzo (a) pyrene. Isocyanates, phosgene, nitrosamines. Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls. General anesthetics. Steroidal estrogen. Tamoxifen. Vinyl halides. Furan. Methanol and ethanol. Carbamates and organophosphate insecticides. Nicotine. LSD, tryptamine. Ketamine. Cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids and the Spice phenomenon. Amphetamines (designer dr