Europe and Italy during first fifteen years of twentieth century. International balances, main institutional models, topic events. Italy in Giolitti's era. First world war in Europe and Italy. War consequences. Crisis of Italian liberal State and the rise of Fascism. The fascist regime: structures and dictatorship development. Democracies in Europe between the two Worlds Wars. Second World War. Liberation war in Italy, Allies victory, Republican democracy. Political parties in Italy. The post-war reconstruction and the "economic miracle". The '60s.