Question formation and questions without auxiliaries; frequency adverbs; modal verbs can, must, and have to; modal verbs may, might and will to express the future; verb patterns with respect to the infinitive or the –ing form; grammatical structure of past simple and continuous with when and while; past habitual actions with used to; the verb tense present perfect with ever/never, for/since, and just/already/yet; present and past passive; first and second conditionals; discourse markers for purpose, cause and result; too much/many, enough and very; lexicon and syntax for making conversation, expressing like and dislike, making phone calls, asking/giving directions, visiting the doctor, guessing, complaining, expressing opinions, and making requests/offers; the nuances and particular uses for articles.