Geography and linguistic studies: the first relationships between geography and linguistic sciences. The
origins of linguistic geography; linguistic atlases; the geography of languages and its theoretical basis;
language and cultural regions. Population and Language; the relationship between language and
religion;language, economics and social development; ethnicity and language the Ethnic
community; elements of ethnicity; the significance of contemporary ethnism and nationalism; language and
society the different uses of a Language; bilingualism and multilingualism;Language and nationalism
linguistic census; maps of linguistic areas; ethno‐ linguistic regions and ethnic territory; the cultural region;
the borders of ethnic territories; languages and political action the processes of acculturation and
deculturation; expansion, reduction and disappearance of languages; linguistic policy; protection of
minority languages. Languages, populations and states in history and in the European area;
national languages and minority languages in Europe; the
linguistic fragmentation of Europe; the variety of languages in Italy and the issue of their protection. The distribution of languages in the world.